CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PATHOLOGY MNEMONICS

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PATHOLOGY MNEMONICS

Acute Coronary Syndrome initial treatment : "ABCD"
• Aspirin
• Beta blocker
• Coagulation (anticoagulation with heparin/LMW Heparin)
• Double product control (decrease heart rate and blood pressure)

Acute Ischemia; signs (especially on limbs): "6 Ps"
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paralysis
Paraesthesia
Perishingly cold

Aneurysm ;Types of Aneurysm : "MAD SCAB"
M - Mycotic
A - Atherosclerotic
D - Dissecting
S - Syphilitic
C - Capillary microaneurysm
A - Arteriovenous fistula
B - Berry

Aortic dissection risk factors: "ABC"

A : Atherosclerosis/Ageing/Aortic aneurysm

B : Blood pressure high/ Baby (pregnancy)

C : Connective tissue disorders (eg Marfan's, Ehlers-Danlos)/Cystic medial necrosis

Aortic regurgitation causes : "CREAM"
C - Congenital
R - Rheumatic damage
E - Endocarditis
A - Aortic dissection/Aortic root dilatation
M - Marfan's

Causes of Aortic Regurgitation : "MARRIS"
M - Marfans
A - Ankylosing spondylitis
R - Rheumatic fever
R - Rheumatoid arthritis
I - Infective endocarditis
S - Syphilis

Aortic stenosis characteristics : "SAD"
S - Syncope
A - Angina
D - Dyspnoea

Atherosclerosis risk factors : "SAD BET"
S - Sex : male
A - Age : middle-aged, elderly
D - Diabetes mellitus
B - BP high : hypertension
E - Elevated cholesterol
T - Tobacco

Atrial fibrillation Causes : "PIRATES"
P - Pulmonary: PE, COPD
I - Iatrogenic
R - Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation
A - Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
T - Thyroid: hyperthyroid
E - Endocarditis
S - Sick sinus syndrome

CHF Left-sided systolic failure signs and symptoms : "Henry! Please Leave Some Cold Dry Fruits On Hot Cakes"
• High heart rate
• Pink Sputum
• Loss of hair on legs
• Skin cold and clammy
• Cyanosis
• Dyspnea
• Fatigue
• Orthopnea
• HTN
• Crackles

Causes of exacerbation Of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) : "A SMITH PEAR"
A - Anemia
S - Salt/Stress/Stopping meds
M - MI
I - Infection/Ischemia
T - Thyroid (high/low)
H - HTN
P - Pericarditis
E - Endocarditis (valve disease)
A - Arrhythmia
R - Rx (beta blocker, etc)

Congestive Heart Failure; Causes of Exacerbation: "FAILURE"
F - Forgot medication
A - Arrhythmia/Anaemia
I - Ischemia/Infarction/Infection
L - Lifestyle : taken too much salt
U - Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
R - Renal failure
E - Embolism : pulmonary

Carcinoid syndrome components : "CARCinoid"
C - Cutaneous flushing
A - Asthmatic wheezing
R - Right sided valvular heart lesions
C - Cramping and diarrhea

Cardiomyopathy categories : "HARD"
H - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
R - Restrictive cardiomyopathy
D - Dilated cardiomyopathy

Cardiovascular risk factors : "FLASH BODIES"
F - Family history
L - Lipids
A - Age
S - Sex
H - Homocystinaemia
B - Blood pressure
O - Obesity
D - Diabetes mellitus
I - Inflammation (raised CRP)/Increased thrombosis
E - Exercise
S - Smoking

Coronary artery bypass graft indications: "DUST"
D - Depressed ventricular function
U - Unstable angina
S - Stenosis of the left main stem
T - Triple vessel disease

Deep venous Thrombosis Diagnosis : "DVT"
D - Dilated superficial veins/Discoloration/Doppler ultrasound
V - Venography is gold standard
T - Tenderness of Thigh and calf

Fat embolism findings : "Fat, Bat, Fract"
• Fat in urine, sputum
• Bat-wing lung x-ray
• Fracture history

Heart compensatory mechanisms that Save organ blood flow during shock : "SAVER"
S - Symphatoadrenal system
A - Atrial natriuretic factor
V - Vasopressin
E - Endogenous digitalis-like factor
R - Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
In all 5, system is activated/factor is released

Causes of Heart failure : "HEART FAILED"
H - Hypertension
E - Endocrine
A - Anemia
R - Rheumatic heart disease
T - Toxins
F - Failure to take meds
A - Arrythmia
I - Infection
L - Lung (PE, pneumonia)
E - Electrolytes
D - Diet

Signs of Heart failure: "TAPED TORCH"
T - Tachycardia
A - Ascites
P - Pulsus alternans
E - Elevated jugular venous pressure
D - Displaced apex beat
T - Third heart sound
O - Oedema
R - Right ventricular heave
C - Crepitations or wheeze
H - Hepatomegaly (tender)

Heart murmurs : "hARD ASS MRS. MSD"
hARD : Aortic Regurg = Diastolic
ASS : Aortic Stenosis = Systolic
MRS : Mitral Regurg = Systolic
MSD : Mitral Stenosis = Diastolic

Hypertension ; Causes of secondary hypertension : "CHAPS"
C - Cushing's syndrome
H - Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn's syndrome]
A - Aorta coarctation
P - Phaeochromocytoma
S - Stenosis of renal arteries
Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary.

Kawasaki disease diagnostic : "CHILD"
5 letters = 5 days, > 5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis:
C - Conjuctivitis (bilateral)
H - Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days
I - Idiopathic polymorphic rash
L - Lymphoadenopathy (cervical)
D - Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria]

Signs and symptoms Of Myocardial Infarction : "PULSE"
P - Persistent chest pains
U - Upset stomach
L - Lightheadedness
S - Shortness of breath
E - Excessive sweating

Complications of Myocardial Infarction: "HAS CRAPPED"
H - Heart failure/Hypertension
A - Arrhythmia
S - Shock
CR - Cardiac Rupture
A - Aneurysm
P - Pericarditis
P - Pulmonary Emboli
D - DVT

Post Myocardial Infarction Complications : "ACT RAPID"
A - Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF)
C - Congestive cardiac failure
T - Tamponade/Thromboembolic disorders
R - Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle)
A - Aneurysm (ventricle)
P - Pericarditis
I - Infaction (a second one)
D - Death/Dressler's syndrome

Sequence of elevated Enzymes after Myocardial Infarction : "Try to CALL"
From first to appear to last:
• Troponin
• CK-MB
• AST
• LDH1

Murmurs systolic : "MR. PV TRAPS"
M - Mitral
R - Regurgitation and
P - Prolaspe
V - VSD
T - Tricupsid
R - Regurgitation
A - Aortic and
P - Pulmonary
S - Stenosis

Murmurs systolic types : "SAPS"
S - Systolic
A - Aortic
P - Pulmonic
S - Stenosis
Systolic murmurs include Aortic and Pulmonary stenosis.

Similarly, its common sense that if it is aortic and pulmonary stenosis it could also be mitral and tricusp regurgitation.

Myocardial infarctions treatment : "INFARCTIONS"
I - IV access
N - Narcotic analgesics (eg morphine, pethidine)
F - Facilities for defibrillation (DF)
A - Aspirin/Anticoagulant (heparin)
R - Rest
C - Converting enzyme inhibitor
T - Thrombolysis
I - IV beta blocker
O - Oxygen 60%
N - Nitrates
S - Stool Softeners

Causes of Pericarditis : "PR DIP, ST UP"
P - Post-pericardiectomy
R - Rheumatic fever
D - Drugs (eg isoniazid, hydralazine, procainalmide)
I - Infection (eg TB, coxsackie, strep)
P - PE
S - SLE/Scleroderma
T- Tumours/Thyroid disease
U - Uraemia
P - Post MI (includes Dressler's)

Pericarditis causes: "CARDIAC RIND"
C - Collagen vascular disease
A - Aortic aneurysm
R - Radiation
D - Drugs (such as hydralazine)
I - Infections
A - Acute renal failure
C - Cardiac infarction
R - Rheumatic fever
I - Injury
N - Neoplasms
D - Dressler's syndrome

Pericarditis findings : "PERICarditis"
P - Pulsus paradoxus
E - ECG changes
R - Rub
I - Increased JVP
C - Chest pain (worse on inspiration, better when lean forward)

Peripheral vascular insufficiency inspection criteria : "SICVD"
S - Symmetry of leg musculature
I - Integrity of skin
C - Color of toenails
V - Varicose veins
D - Distribution of hair

Rheumatic fever ,Jones criteria : "JONES PEACE"
Major criteria:
J - Joints: migratory
O - O (heart shaped) Carditis: new onset murmur
N - Nodules, subcutaneous: extensor surfaces
E - Erythema marginatum
S - Sydenham's chorea
Minor criteria:
P - PR interval, prolonged
E - ESR elevated
A - Arthralgias
C - CRP elevated
E - Elevated temperature (fever)

Need 2 major or 1 major and 2 minor criteria, plus evidence of recent GAS infection (throat cx, rapid antigen test, or rising strep antibody titer).

Rheumatic fever Jones major criteria : "JONES"
J - Joints (migrating polyarthritis)
O - Obvious, the heart (carditis, pancarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis or valvulits)
N - Nodes (subcutaneous nodules)
E - Erythema marginatum
S - Sydenham's chorea

Takayasu's disease is Pulseless disease : "Can't Tak'a ya pulse" (Can't take your pulse):

Takayasu's disease known as Pulseless disease, since pulse is weakened in the upper extremities.

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