RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PATHOLGY MNEMONICS

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PATHOLGY MNEMONICS

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) causes: "ARDS"
A - Aspiration/Acute pancreatitis/Air embolism/Amniotic embolism
R - Radiation
D - DIC/Drugs/Drowning/Dialysis/ Diffuse lung infection
S - Shock/Sepsis/Smoke inhalation

Asthma History: "WIND"
W - Wheeze
I - Interferes with schooling, exercise, sleep and work
N - Nocturnal cough, or early morning cough
D - Dyspnoea

Asthma risk factors : "FEAR UP"
F - Family history
E - Eczema
A - Acid reflux
R - Rhinitis (allergic)
U - Urticaria
P - Polyps (nasal)

Bronchial obstruction consequences: "APPLE BABE"
A - Atelectasis
P - Pleural adhesions
P - Pleuritis
L - Lipid pneumonia
E - Effusion->organisation->fibrosis
B - Bronchiectasis
A - Abscess
B - Broncho and lobar pneumonia
E - Emphysema

Buerger's disease features : "burger SCRAPS"
S - Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis
C - Claudication (intermittent)
R - Raynauds phenomenon
A - Associated with smoking
P - Pain, even at rest Superficial nodular phlebitis

COPD 4 types and hallmark : "ABCDE"
A - Asthma
B - Brochiectasis
C - Chronic bronchitis
D - Dyspnea (hallmark of group)
E - Emphysema

Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio

Emphysema types, most important feature of each : "Cigarettes Is Primary Problem"
Types :
• Centrilobular
• Irregular
• Pancinar
• Paraseptal

Most important feature for each type (in order as above): Cigarrettes Inflammation healed to scar Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin) Pneumothorax.

"Cigarettes is primary problem" used since cigarettes is most common cause of emphysema.
Keeping Ps straight: Pan is antitrypsin

Interstitial lung disease causes: "DISCO ARI"
D - Drugs
I - Idiopathic
S - Sarcoidosis
C - Connective tissue disease
O - Occupational exposure
A - Allergic reaction
R - Radiation
I - Infection

Pneumonia complications : "SLAP HER"
S - Septicaemia , spread from lung parenchyma, can lead to metastatic infection e.g. endocarditis
L - Lung abcess , look for swinging fever, foul-smelling sputum, weight loss, haemoptysis, pleuritic chest pain
A - Atrial fibrilation esp. in elderly, may require beta-blocker
P - Pericarditis/myocarditis may complicate pneumonia
H - Hypotension , may be due to dehydration and sepsis-induced vasodilatation
E - Empyema , if recurrent fever, yellowish pleural effusion aspirated
R - Respiratory failure , type 1 is common, act if PaCO2 >6kPa

Pulmonary embolism risk factors : "7 Hs"
• Hereditary (eg factor V Leyden, protein C or S deficiency)
• History (previous DVT or PE)
• Hypomobility (fracture, CVA, severe illness, obesity, long trip)
• Hypovolaemia (nephrotic syndrome, dehydration)
• Hypercoagulability (smoking, malignancy)
• Hormones (oestrogens [esp. in OCP], puerperium)
• Hyperhomocysteinaemia

Pulmonary embolism risk factors: "REFERS TO CMH Peter"
R - Rest (bed-ridden)
E - Elderly
F - Fracture
E - Estrogen (pregnancy, post-partum)
R - Road trip
S - Surgery
T - Trauma
O - Obesity
C - Cardiac disease
M - Malignancy
H - Hospitalization
P - Past history

Pulmonary fibrosis: differential of both upper and lower lobes: "BREAST SCAR"
Upper lobe :

B - Beryliosis
R - Radiation
E - Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
A - Ankylosing spondylitis
S - Sarcoidosis
T - TB

Lower lobe :

S - Systemic sclerosis
C - Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis
A - Asbestosis
R - Radiation

Respiratory distress syndrome in infants major risk factors: PCD (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a cause of Respiratory distress syndrome)
P - Prematurity
C - Cesarean section
D - Diabetic mother

Restrictive lung disease causes: "SPICE"
S - Space-occupying lesion e.g. tumour, cyst
P - Pleural disease e.g. effusion, pneumothorax
I - Interstitial lung disease e.g. fibrosis, oedema
C - Chest wall disease e.g. kyphosis, neuromuscular disease
E - Extrathoracic conditions e.g. obesity, ascites, pregnancy

TB features , TB is characterised by : "4 Cs"
• Caseation
• Calcification
• Cavitation
• Cicatrization

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